Confederation Agreement Day : Senegal. Public holiday.
Candlemas : Christian. This religious holiday originated with the ancient Jewish custom that required mothers to present their first male child in the temple. As a Jewish mother, Mary would have presented Jesus on February 2. The day is associated with light and purification. The holiday takes its name from the custom of blessing the church's supply of candles for the year on this date.
Bean Scattering Festival (Setsubun) : Japan. This festival expresses everyone's desire for good health and good fortune in the new year. At home, children throw beans at the "devil" and shout "out with the devil, in with good luck."
Sending Off the Kitchen God Day : China (February 45). This festival is associated with the New Year. In traditional Chinese homes, a paper image represents a home deity that is thought to keep track of the deeds of the household for the year. On this day, the family burns the image, whose spirit is believed to go to heaven and report to the chief deity on the family's behavior during the past year. The chief deity then determines the fate of the family for the next year. To positively affect the report of the Kitchen God, the family may put honey or sticky candy over its mouthsome say, to make sure that it reports only sweet things; others say, so that it will not be able to speak at all. This holiday is also celebrated on February 5. (m)
Waitangi Day : New Zealand. This commemorates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 between the indigenous Maoris of New Zealand and the European colonists, providing for British sovereignty in exchange for guaranteed possession by the Maoris of their lands.
Constitution Day : Philippines. This holiday commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of the Philippines in 1935.
Dawes General Allotment Act (1887) : United States. This law dissolved American Indian tribes as legal entities and divided formerly tribal lands among individual property owners.
St. Maroon's Day : Lebanon. Public holiday.
Shrove Monday : Christian. Christians in some countries customarily make treats to use up butter and eggs before the 40-day fast of Lent. (m)
New Year : China. This is the beginning of a three-day celebration of the Chinese New Year. The festivities mark the beginning of year 4700 (The Year of the Horse) since the mythical founding of the Chinese people. It is a day when all business accounts are settled and grudges forgotten. Traditional Chinese celebrate New Year's Day as a birthday and count themselves one year older. Celebrations include fireworks, a dragon dance and the beating of drums and cymbals, visits to temples, and prayers for blessings in the new year. This is called "Spring Festival" in the People's Republic of China because the official New Year's Day is January 1, based on the Gregorian calendar. (m)
New Year (Sol) : Korea. This begins the traditional Korean New Year 4335 of the era of Tan'gun, the mythical progenitor of the Korean people. It is celebrated from February 12 to February 14. (m)
New Year (Tet Nguyen Dan) : Vietnam. This is the most important holiday in Vietnam. People dress in their best clothes to welcome the new year. There are ceremonies to bid farewell to the gods that attend each household, the kitchen gods, who go to heaven to report on the household's behavior during the past year. Fireworks mark the departure of the kitchen gods. (m)
Shrove Tuesday (Mardi Gras) : Christian. Shrove Tuesday marks the final midwinter fling before Lent begins. (m)
Ash Wednesday (beginning of Lent) : Christian. This marks the beginning of Lent, a 40-day period of prayer and fasting preceding Easter Sunday (February 13 to March 31, excluding Sundays). It is observed in memory of Jesus' 40 days of fasting in the desert. In the early centuries of Christianity, there were strict requirements for fasting during the period of preparation for Easter. Although these rules have been relaxed in the Western church, many Roman Catholics and Protestants choose to give up a favorite food or activity during Lent. There are many symbolic meanings to the use of ashes on this holiday. Generally, ashes symbolize death. The priest or minister's placing of ashes on one's forehead in the shape of a cross is part of the preparation for fasting and resistance to temptation by those observing Lent that ends in the symbolic renewal of life on Easter. (m)
Frederick Douglass (18171895) : African American. Writer, lecturer, editor, and civil rights activist. Born a slave, Frederick Augustus Bailey escaped at the age of 21, changed his name, and became a renowned campaigner for the abolition of slavery. After publishing his autobiography in 1845, Douglass made a lecture tour of England, where friends raised money to buy his freedom. Upon his return he founded a newspaper, the North Star. During the Civil War Douglass urged President Lincoln to free the slaves and arm African Americans. After the war Douglass held a variety of federal offices, including that of Minister to Haiti.
Masao Satow (19081977) : Japanese American. Civic leader. Born in California to Japanese American parents, Satow joined the Japanese American Citizens League, an emerging national organization for persons of Japanese ancestry born in the United States, in 1932. He became its national secretary in 1947, when the organization had only two chapters, both on the West Coast, and 3,100 members. At the end of his twenty-five years of leadership, the organization had 94 chapters across the nation and 27,000 members.
Valentine's Day : United States. The origins of this day are confused. There appear to have been two or three early Christian martyrs named Valentine. One was probably executed on February 14. One man named Valentine secretly married young sweethearts in opposition to the Roman Emperor Claudius' ban on marriage (a policy designed to prevent young men of military age from forming family ties). Another legend mentions flowers grown by Valentine and given to children. When Valentine was imprisoned the children remembered him by throwing nosegays and notes into his prison window. These were the original Valentine greetings.
Felix Frankfurter (18821965) : Jewish American. Lawyer, teacher, jurist. Frankfurter taught law at Harvard Law School, was an advisor to President Wilson, and helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union. He was appointed to the United States Supreme Court by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939.
Nirvana (Buddha's Death) : Buddhist. In the Mahãyãna Buddhist tradition, this day marks the death of Buddha in 483 B.C.E. and commemorates his attainment of final Nirvana. The date is based on the Japanese Buddhist calendar.
Independence Day : Lithuania. In 1918 Lithuania declared its independence from Russia. However, in the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union absorbed Lithuania into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and it was not until August 19, 1991 that Lithuania regained its independence.
Goyaale (Geronimo) (18291909) : American Indian (Chiricahua Apache). Military leader. As chief of the Chiricahua Apache Indians, Geronimo escaped repeatedly from reservations and led attacks on settlers and soldiers in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States during the late 1870s and early 1880s. He surrendered to U.S. government forces in 1885. This is the anniversary of his death.
Audre Geraldin Lorde (19341992) : Lesbian. Poet and essayist. Audre Lorde was a Black lesbian who fought for justice through both her writings and her political activities. She held a number of teaching positions and toured internationally as a lecturer, forming coalitions between Afro-German and Afro-Dutch women, founding a sisterhood in South Africa, starting the Women of Color Press, and establishing the St. Croix Women's Coalition. Her poetry collections include From a Land Where Other People Live (1973), The Black Unicorn (1978), Our Dead Behind Us (1986), and The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance (1993). She won the American Book Award in 1989 for A Burst of Light and was appointed New York State's Poet Laureate by then Governor Mario Cuomo in 1991. Lorde chronicled her 14-year battle against breast cancer in works such as The Cancer Journals, before finally succumbing to the disease in 1992.
Luis Muñoz Marín (18981980) : Puerto Rico. Political leader. Elected Puerto Rico's first governor in 1948, Muñoz Marín served in that office until 1964, instituting programs of economic development and social reform. He also proposed a plan for maintaining Puerto Rico's union with the United States while establishing the island as a self-governing unit exempt from U.S. taxes. This proposal became the basis for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, created by an act of Congress and proclaimed in 1952.
Presidents Day : United States. The birthdays of U.S. Presidents George Washington (February 22, 1732) and Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809) are observed on this day. (m)
First publication of the Cherokee Phoenix (1828) : American Indian. In 1828 a system of symbols developed by Sequoyah to give written form to the Cherokee language made possible the publication of the Cherokee Phoenix, the first newspaper printed in an Indian language.
National Mourning Day : Bangladesh. Public holiday.
Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin) (18761938) : American Indian (Sioux). Writer and activist. Born in South Dakota to a full-blooded Sioux mother and a white father, Zitkala-Sa became an eloquent writer of essays and memoirs and a leader in the movement to advance the civic, educational, and economic opportunities of American Indians while recognizing and preserving American Indian cultures. As secretary of the Society of American Indians and then president of the National Council of American Indians, she lectured, wrote, and lobbied on behalf of Indian legislation, and was instrumental in the passage of the Indian Citizenship Bill of 1924. (See entry for June 2.)
People Power Day : Philippines. This commemorates the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled the Philippines as a dictatorship from 1972 to 1986, by the democracy movement. This holiday is commonly celebrated from February 22 to February 25. It was on February 25 that Ferdinand Marcos left the Philippines and Corazon Aquino was recognized by the United States as president.
Union Day : Egypt. Public holiday.
Eid al-Adha (The Feast of Sacrifice) : Islam. This religious observance commemorates the story of Abraham and Ishmail as told in the Qur'an. God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his only son as a proof of his faith. Before Abraham completed the sacrifice, God stopped him and provided a ram for sacrifice in place of Ishmail. After a solemn service at the mosque, worshippers visit cemeteries to pay tribute to the dead. When they return home, a festive meal is eaten. This is also the time when many Muslims observe one of the Five Pillars of Islam, which requires those who can to make a pilgrimage once in their lifetime to Mecca's Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia, Islam's holiest site. (m)
Casimir Funk (18841967) : Jewish Polish American. Scientist. Funk discovered vitamins as
Defenders of the Motherland Day : Russia. Public holiday.
Haing Ngor (19511996) : Cambodian American. Physician, actor. Haing Ngor arrived in the United States after escaping imprisonment by the Khmer Rouge following the 1975 takeover of Cambodia by that party, and endured four years of torture and starvation. He had to conceal his medical training to escape, which he did after a Vietnamese invasion ousted the Khmer Rouge. He immigrated to the United States in 1980 to resume his medical practice. In 1984, Ngor won the Academy Award for best supporting actor for his portrayal of Dith Pran in the movie The Killing Fields. Ngor was the first nonprofessional to win an Oscar for acting since Harold Russell in 1946 for The Best Years of Our Lives. He was shot to death outside his home on this date. He was 45 years old.
José de San Martín (17781850) : Argentina. Soldier and statesman. With Simón Bolívar, San Martín led the movement of Spain's South American colonies to win their freedom from Spain. In 1811 he resigned from the Spanish army to organize the armed resistance to Spanish rule in the land of his birth, modern-day Argentina. He raised an army there and led it over the Andes to Chile, taking Santiago in 1817, and then organized a Chilean navy to transport the rebel army to Lima. There he proclaimed the establishment of a new country on July 28, 1821. Although he was made leader of the new nation, he came into political conflict with Bolívar and retired to France.
National Day : Kuwait. Also observed on February 26, this two-day holiday marks the successful pushing back of Iraqi troops from Kuwait during the Gulf War in 1991.
Intercalary Days : Baha'i. The days from February 26 to March 1 adjust the Baha'i year, which consists of 19 months with 19 days each month, to the solar calendar. These days are observed with gift-giving, special acts of charity, and preparation for fasting that precedes the new year.
Purim (Feast of Lots) : Jewish. This festive holiday celebrates the rescue of the ancient Persian Jews from a plot to destroy them. The king's advisor, Haman, cast lots to choose the day for carrying out his plan. Esther, the Jewish queen, persuaded her husband to spare the Jews. Fasting on the day before Purim commemorates Esther's fasting before seeing the king to plead for the Jewish people. The "Megillah," the story of Purim, is read in the synagogue. Children twirl gragers (noisemakers) to drown out Haman's name each time it is mentioned. Homentashen, special pastries in the form of Haman's hat, are eaten. Gifts are distributed to the poor as well as exchanged among family and friends. (m)
Occupation of Wounded Knee (1973) : American Indian. On this date a group of American Indian activists began the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, site of the 1890 massacre that ended the Plains Indians wars, to demand reforms in tribal government. The occupation, which erupted into sporadic violence after armed federal marshals surrounded the area, continued until May 8 and brought increased national attention to the grievances of American Indians. (See entry for December 29.)